STDs

An STD is a disease contracted through unprotected sexual contact. The pathogens responsible for these diseases—bacteria, parasites, or viruses—can be present in bodily fluids like semen, vaginal fluid, blood, and can also be found on mucous membranes or the skin. STDs spread during sexual activities, including intercourse without a condom. 

While STD stands for "sexually transmitted disease," the term STI ("sexually transmitted infection") is also used to describe infections that have not yet developed into diseases but still pose serious health risks if untreated. Regular testing is crucial for all sexually active individuals. 

Common STDs

STDs are widespread, particularly among people with multiple sexual partners or those under 25. Below are some of the most common STDs: 

• Chlamydia: Caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium, it can infect the urethra, cervix, rectum, or throat. 
• Gonorrhea: Triggered by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium, it leads to inflammation in the genitals, anus, or throat. 
• Genital Warts: These are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) and appear around the genital and anal areas. 
• Syphilis: A bacterial infection starting with sores on the genitals, caused by Treponema pallidum. 
• Trichomoniasis: This parasitic infection affects the vagina, urethra, and bladder. 
• Genital Herpes: Caused by the herpes simplex virus, which remains in the body and can flare up due to factors like stress or a weakened immune system. 
• HIV: The human immunodeficiency virus weakens the immune system and can develop into AIDS if left untreated. It spreads through unprotected sex or contact with contaminated blood. 
• Genital Infections: These include yeast or fungal infections, such as candida, which are more common in women. 

STDs often show no symptoms initially, which makes regular testing important. Symptoms can vary based on the infection, and may differ between men and women. Here are some common signs: 

In men: 

• Pain or burning during urination 
• Discharge from the urethra 
• Itching, sores, or warts on the genitals or anus 
• Pain in the scrotum 

In women: 

• Pain or burning during urination 
• Unusual vaginal discharge 
• Itching, sores, or warts around the genital area 
• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse or between periods 
• Pain in the lower abdomen 

Since many STDs are asymptomatic, regular testing is crucial, especially after unprotected sex. Tests can be performed by a doctor or using self-test kits. It's important to test if you suspect an infection or have been informed of an STD by a partner, even if you used protection. 

Consider the incubation period

It can take a few weeks for an STD to show up in test results. Testing too early may yield unreliable outcomes, so follow the recommended incubation time for the specific STD. 

Untreated STDs can cause long-term health complications, such as reduced fertility (from chlamydia) or severe organ damage (from syphilis). Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics or antiviral drugs can effectively cure or manage most STDs. 

Common treatments include:

• Antibiotics: For bacterial infections like chlamydia and syphilis (e.g., azithromycin, doxycycline). 
• Antiviral medications: For viral infections such as genital herpes (e.g., acyclovir) and HIV. 
• Antifungal treatments: For fungal infections like candida (e.g., fluconazole). 

Important considerations for treatment

• Inform sexual partners about an infection to prevent further spread. 
• Avoid sexual activity until treatment is complete and you are no longer contagious. 
• Use condoms consistently to reduce the risk of reinfection. 

If you have questions about STDs, testing, or treatment, a doctor or pharmacist can provide the necessary information.