Type 1 diabetes

In this autoimmune condition, the body ceases to produce insulin, whereas in type 2 diabetes, the body does produce insulin but is no longer able to regulate blood sugar effectively. Insulin is a vital hormone that manages blood sugar levels. Without insulin, the cells in the body do not receive the signal to absorb sugar from the bloodstream, leading to an excess of sugar in the blood. The body requires glucose as a source of energy. Insulin, which is typically produced by the pancreas, enables the body to transfer this energy source from the blood into the cells. Individuals with type 1 diabetes must administer insulin through injections. Type 1 diabetes often develops at a young age and can sometimes be hereditary, although its precise cause remains unknown.

Type 1 diabetes presents with a range of distinct symptoms, which often become noticeable a few weeks after the condition develops. Some potential signs include:

• Excessive thirst;  
• Dry mouth;  
• Fatigue;  
• Blurred vision;  
• Frequent urination;  
• Weight loss.  

Treatment typically begins with insulin therapy, after which symptoms usually improve. However, it is still possible to experience symptoms even after administering insulin. This happens because blood sugar levels remain unregulated. The speed and effectiveness of the insulin injection can vary depending on the individual and the circumstances.

If blood sugar levels rise too high or drop too low, symptoms may return. A prolonged lack of insulin can lead to the blood becoming acidic (ketoacidosis). Conversely, too much insulin can cause blood sugar levels to fall excessively low — a condition known as a hypo (hypoglycaemia).

The exact causes of type 1 diabetes remain unknown. However, a connection has been identified with genetic predisposition, even in the absence of a family history of diabetes. A malfunction in the immune system causes it to attack the body’s own cells.

Since the pancreas no longer produces insulin, this deficiency must be addressed through supplementation. This is achieved using either an insulin pen or an insulin pump. There are various types of insulin available, all of which lower blood sugar levels but at differing rates. The different types of insulin include:

• Super rapid-acting insulin (effective for 4 to 5 hours);  
• Rapid-acting insulin (effective for 6 to 8 hours);  
• Intermediate-acting insulin (reaches maximum effect after 4–8 hours and continues to work for several more hours);  
• Long-acting insulin (released very gradually over approximately 24 hours);  
• Mixed insulins (a combination of rapid- and long-acting insulin), typically administered twice daily.  

A doctor will always provide guidance on which type of insulin is most suitable for you, as well as the frequency and dosage required. Before administering insulin, it is essential to measure your blood sugar level. This can be done using a blood glucose meter with a finger prick or a sensor that continuously monitors blood sugar levels. The result is displayed within seconds.  
Injections are commonly administered in the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, or arms, depending on the type of insulin being used. Avoid injecting directly into muscles, as this leads to faster absorption and shortens the duration of the medication's effect. It is advisable to regularly rotate injection sites on the body to minimise the risk of injection site reactions and the formation of scar tissue.

Like all medications, treatments for type 1 diabetes can also cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea. Additionally, there are potential risks or side effects associated with underdosing or overdosing:

• A low blood glucose level: Excessive insulin can result in a low blood glucose level (hypoglycaemia). Intense physical activity, eating too little, eating too late, or injecting insulin into a different area of the body than usual can also lead to low blood sugar levels. Symptoms may include hunger, headache, trembling, sweating, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, and paleness. If a hypo is not addressed promptly, it may cause fainting.  
• A high blood glucose level: Insufficient insulin can lead to a high blood glucose level (hyperglycaemia). Symptoms may include frequent urination, excessive thirst, and fatigue. Over time, hyperglycaemia can result in vascular and nerve damage.  

Other possible side effects include:  

• During the initial months of insulin use, you may experience reduced vision. This happens as the eyes adjust to the new blood sugar levels, but it typically resolves on its own.  
• Injection site lumps are hard spots or bumps on the skin. Avoid injecting into these areas again, as this can cause the insulin to be absorbed too quickly, leading to fluctuations in blood glucose levels. While injection site lumps often disappear on their own, this process can sometimes take a long time, up to a year.  
• In rare cases, a person may be hypersensitive to insulin or other components of the medication.  

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. Consequently, there is little you can do to prevent it yourself. However, doctors always advise making certain lifestyle changes, such as:

• Quitting smoking  
• Losing weight if you are overweight  
• Following a healthy diet  
• Engaging in regular physical activity  

Do you consume fewer carbohydrates and ensure you stay physically active? If so, the risk of side effects is reduced. The chances of other complications related to diabetes or its treatment can also be minimised or delayed.

Glucose levels rise when you consume carbohydrates, such as biscuits, pastries, potatoes, and pasta. However, other factors, including emotions and physical activity, also play a role in increasing glucose levels. Try to take these into account in your daily lifestyle.

Because the causes of type 1 diabetes remain unknown, it cannot be prevented. The immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. Consequently, the body ceases to produce insulin. Unfortunately, there is nothing that can be done to prevent this.

https://www.dvn.nl/diabetes/behandelingen/diabetes-medicatie

https://www.diabetes.nl/diabetes-type-1

https://www.dvn.nl/diabetes/soorten-diabetes/diabetes-type-1

https://www.apotheek.nl/klachten-ziektes/diabetes-mellitus